SARS-CoV-2 infection of Calu-3 cells caused a strong induction of the antiviral interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) signature, including several antiviral effectors, such as cGAS, Mx1, IFIT, IFIH, IFI16, IFI44, OAS, and ISG15, pathways of vesicular transport, tight junctions (KIF5A/B/C, OSBPL2, CLTCL1, and ARHGAP17) and ubiquitin modification (UBE2L3/5), as well as reprogramming of host metabolism, transcription and translation
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Cells were cultured for 4 days (mean SD, n = 3)
Compounded versions, on the other hand, are produced in small batches and can have more variability in quality and formulation
Glucagon promotes the breakdown of stored fat (a process called lipolysis) and increases resting energy expenditure, meaning the body burns more calories even at rest